Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes joint pain, swelling, and stiffness. It arises when the immune system attacks healthy cells, causing the joint lining to become inflamed and damaging the joints and surrounding tissue. RA commonly affects the ankles, hands, and knees but can also affect other body parts like the heart, eyes, lungs, and circulatory system.

Risk Factors for RA

While it is not well known what causes the immune system to turn against the body’s joints and tissues. Some known factors may make you susceptible to RA. These factors are:

Genetics

Individuals born with the Human Leukocyte Antigen are more likely to develop or worsen RA. The risk may increase when individuals with these genes have obesity or smoke.

Sex and Age

 About 70% of people living with rheumatoid arthritis are women, and 55% are people older than 55 years. 

Early Life Exposure:

Early life factors such as a child born to a mother who smokes has double the risk of getting RA when they are adults.

Obesity

Fat cells release inflammatory proteins called cytokines. These proteins play a role in the destruction of joint tissues. The more fat cells you have, the more cytokines your body produces. Therefore, excess weight increases the chances of developing RA or worsening it.

Key Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis 

RA is a lifetime autoimmune disorder, and in the early stages, it may manifest as joint pain and tenderness. Symptoms vary from person to person and may begin suddenly or slowly over time. Let us delve into the common signs and symptoms:

• Joint pain, tenderness, swelling, or stiffness that lasts for six weeks or longer.
• Fatigue may make managing pain and doing basic activities difficult.
• Persistent inflammation causes joint damage, leading to joint deformities in the hands, fingers, wrists, feet, or ankles. 
• Systematic symptoms like general malaise, weight loss, and fever.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Diagnosis

Diagnosis of RA in its early stages may be difficult. Instead, several tests are done, such as:

Joint Aspiration

This procedure removes and tests synovial fluid from a swollen joint using a needle and syringe. It is commonly done on the knee, but the fluid can also be removed from other joints, such as the hip, wrist, ankle, shoulder, or elbow.

Blood Tests

These tests identify antibodies, like rheumatoid factor, linked to RA. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (Anti-CCP) can appear before RA symptoms develop, which can help with early diagnosis.

MRI or Ultrasound 

These are imaging tests done to look for inflammation and bone damage that RA may cause.

Xray

This uses electromagnetic radiation to create internal tissue, organs, and bone images. It helps identify bone density loss, joint misalignment, and changes in space between the joints.

Treatment Options

There is no cure for RA; therefore, treatment should focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Treatment options are varied and tailored to each individual’s unique needs. The primary goal is to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, preserve joint functions, and prevent damage. Here are the different treatment options:

Medications

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
• Biological treatments such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept injections work by stopping particular chemicals in your blood from activating your immune system to attack your joints.
• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) like methotrexate are commonly prescribed for long-term management of RA. They ease the symptoms of the condition and slow down the progression.
• Corticosteroids: Used for short-term relief to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system.

 Supportive therapies

•  Assistive devices like braces or splints to support your joints.
•  Psychological support 
• Physical therapy helps maintain overall strength.
• Occupational therapy helps recover and maintain skills needed for daily living.

 Surgery

 Arthroplasty

This is joint reconstruction or replacement surgery. It restores your ability to use your joints, helps fix deformities, and relieves pain.

Arthroscopy

This is a keyhole surgery for repairing and removing inflamed joint tissue to help improve function.

Arthrodesis 

This is a joint fusion surgery done in patients with advanced RA. Two bones across a joint are fused. This procedure helps treat severe pain and improves stability, but the joint will no longer bend.

Nutritional supplements and dietary changes

A diet high in vegetables, fruits, legumes, cereals, unsaturated fats, and grains is recommended. Folic supplements prevent the side effects of methotrexate.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a complex autoimmune condition. Early detection, medication, regular monitoring by healthcare professionals, and lifestyle changes are important in managing and preventing its progression.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms or suspects rheumatoid arthritis, Do not hesitate to consult a physician for a diagnosis and treatment plan to manage the condition effectively and improve your overall well-being. Take charge of your health and begin your journey towards a more active and comfortable life.